Exclusive Interview by Brad BalfourWhile veteran actress Meryl Streep garners attention for her role as the authoritarian nun in "Doubt," another film--the doc "Theater of War" out now at Film Forum--offers insight into who Steep is as an actress, and it grapples with the nature of war as viewed through the life and work of the late, great German playwright Bertolt Brecht.
Summer, 2006, the Public Theater staged an incredible production of Brecht's great anti-war tragedy, "Mother Courage and Her Children" in Central Park. Directed by George Wolfe and starring Streep, the play received great notices and focused attention through the experience of live theater on our very own war still raging in Iraq to this day.
Film director John Walter (who did the quirky art doc "How To Draw A Bunny," a Special Jury Prize winner at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival) forged this thought-provoking documentary as a short meditation on Brecht and his views of war, politics and peace; it was also a look at the process of staging the play and as a take on a an actress like Streep who can convey emotions and ideas with an economy and forcefulness to her art.
In the film we also get to see the creative dynamic between Public Theater artistic director Oskar Eustis, former artistic director Wolfe and Brecht translator/adapter the award-winning playwright Tony Kushner as they bring the production to fruition and discuss the underlying philosophy and politics of Brecht's classic anti-war screed.
Q: This film is a unique hybrid: a documentary about theater and more.
JW: Yes, it is kind of a hybrid... It's because we had so little time to do it--it was a little counterintuitive to the [normal way] a documentary is put together. I only heard of [the production] two weeks before the rehearsals were beginning. So I got to meet with Meryl and pitch her the idea of letting us film while she was doing it. That was kind of freeing; I couldn't try to talk her into it--I just had to tell her about it and she had to decide whether to do it or not. I just described my intentions.... And then she had to say yes or no.
Then I had a couple of weeks to raise money so we didn't have to write a detailed treatment--I just said, "Here's what I have: I have this movie, it has Meryl Streep, and we've got about two weeks to get it together or there is no movie [laughs]." In a lot of ways I was thinking about [French experimental film director] Chris Marker. Brecht had this mania for documentation himself. For every production, he created these model books which are used in film.
Q: You had so much rich material to work with from his documents and past performances...
JW: It was at Brecht's insistence that he created a visual score for every piece. Every gesture and position of the actors was documented. So I started thinking about Marker's film "La Jettee" and the way he told this complicated science fiction story using only still photographs. They had this great, grainy black and white, almost surrealist quality to them. I thought... "Wonder if I could do same thing with Brecht's model books. So I set [the pages] into motion using the camera. I thought, "That's one idea."
Then there was the thought of doing a straight cinema verite style of observational documentary of the rehearsal process. Then it was the idea of taking the two films and setting them into a dialogue with each other--like Marker does in "Sans Soliel" where he has these several stories and these themes, and he puts [it all] out on the table for audience--sometimes he makes a connection and sometimes he doesn't. That's what I was thinking at the beginning of the project.
Q: Did it make sense simply by shooting the play...
JW: We shot the entire play several times, but only in rehearsal. The intention of the project was only to shoot rehearsals. That's what I told Meryl; we'd start from the first table read until the last minute. We never see the end result--that's theater. The only time [you see] the cast in costume is a dress rehearsal. In fact, the film starts with George Wolfe saying that this is not performance; it's a rehearsal. As an audience member, you watch a rehearsal differently than when you watch a performance.
Also, when you're watching a performance you view it as a consumer and as a critic; you're judging it rather than being in dialogue with it. I wanted the audience to learn the play along with the actors.
Q; We also see the culture that Brecht was a part of and who Brecht was. It offers a fascinating opportunity to learn more.
JW: That's a big part of it. The whole project originated with my own fascination with the character and work of Brecht--how I learn more about it myself, and then how would I explain it to someone else. I wanted to go on a trip to Brechtland" and to bring back home movies about it that [are] not boring.
Q: And its relevance today...?
JW: I wasn't trying to show that it was relevant today, but rather to ask the question of the audience: if you as a viewer think it's relevant, then that's your own answer. I wanted to raise that question and explore and dig up enough material to answer it.
Q: You're sharing the process that Meryl Streep and the rest of the cast discovered...
JW: Everyone has a job to do, to think about this stuff and explore these questions and entertain people.
Q: What did you learn about Bertolt Brecht?
JW: One thing about documentaries is that you can appropriate them for your own studies, just like I did with Brecht's documents which he created for stage directors to use to understand his direction. Someone will find this film historically significant.
What I really learned about Brecht was that in his mania to be modern, he could absorb the oldest influences, from the Bible to medieval painting to chronicles of 15th century battles. One of the great pleasure for me was to be in Brecht's library. It was his apartment building where he had lived in the last few years of his life. He died there. It has been preserved as a museum, the Brecht Archive and Museum in Berlin.
There's his apartment, and the archive with his manuscripts and complete works on the other floor. On the bookshelf I took out his pocket Bible from the 1920s. I opened up his bible: inside the front cover he had glued a picture of Buddha; in the back he had glued a picture of a fast car.
Q: Why is he relevant; what fascinates you about him?
JW: It must be his sheer perversity--the way he approaches structuring a story... the fragmented structure and the way he approaches a character, building a character through an accumulation of contradictions, as opposed to some elaborated type where you articulate for the audience their story arc. His wide-ranging imagination mixed the highest seriousness with the lowest of humor. He was a ringmaster, a showman, manic nutcase, part philosopher part song-and-dance man.
Q: How did it get started?
JW: It was Oskar's idea to do it in the park. Tony wanted to do a translation and both had the idea of having Meryl tackle the role. My intuition going into the project was that if [George W.] Bush hadn't talked the country into invading Iraq they wouldn't been doing "Mother Courage" but "Galileo" or "Three Penny Opera." It was cause and effect.
Q: When you hear Meryl talk about the working class you do think about the Bush government...
JW: One funny, dopey criticism about Tony's translation was that he worked in lines about the Bush administration into Brecht's text. He did not add anything; it was there in older translations--it was Brecht talking about Hitler and talking about war. Tony rendered the text into American English. Brecht was using dialect and old peasanty syntax. When you render that into a language for an actor you find the equivalent. Previous translators were British. You can't give it to American actors; it doesn't work with a cockney feel. That's what Tony wanted to do with the translation.
Q: So what was Meryl like--you got an insight to her by seeing her in process.
JW: One uncanny aspect of making this film [was] feel[ing like I was watching a movie [and] forget I was documenting a rehearsal. You find yourself crossing the line and watching a fiction unfolding. I'm looking at Meryl Streep and then it's "Mother Courage;" watching her respond to emotional situation, I choke up when she sings the lullaby to the dead kid.
Q: That's the thing about Meryl Streep; she breathes life into a character--she is "Mother Courage" not Meryl Streep.
JW: That's her archetype--the chameleon. I did not have that much time with her--only about two hours with her just talking. But she was not the type of person I would get...shy with. I didn't feel that around Meryl; she just seemed like another person doing her job. I don't know, but she doesn't have that celebrity [attitude].
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